struct TreeNode {
    int val;
    TreeNode* left;
    TreeNode* right;
    TreeNode(int x): val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
};

void preorder(TreeNode *root, vector<int> &res) {
    if (root == nullptr) {
        return;
    }
    res.push_back(root->val);
    preorder(root->left, res);
    preorder(root->right, res);
}

vector<int> preorderTraversal(TreeNode *root) {
    vector<int> res;
    preorder(root, res);
    return res;
};